Biography of Clarence Darrow, Legendary Attorney

Clarence Darrow became the most famous defense lawyer in early 20th century America by taking on cases considered hopeless and emerging as a leading voice for civil liberties. Among his celebrated cases was the defense of John Scopes, the Tennessee teacher prosecuted in 1925 for teaching about the theory of evolution, and the defense of Leopold and Loeb, two wealthy students who killed a neighbor boy for the thrill of it. Darrows legal career was utterly ordinary until he became involved in advocating for labor activists in the 1890s. Before long he would become nationally known as a crusader for justice, often speaking out against capital punishment. His obituary in the New York Time in 1938 noted that he had defended the accused in â€Å"a hundred or more murder trials, no client of his had ever died on the gallows or in the electric chair.† That was not entirely accurate, but it underscores Darrows legendary reputation. Fast Facts: Clarence Darrow Known For: Famous defense attorney who often won cases thought to be hopeless.Notable Cases: Leopold and Loeb, 1924; the Scopes Monkey Trial, 1925.Born: April 18, 1857, near Kinsman, OhioDied: March 13, 1938, age 80, Chicago, IllinoisSpouses: Jessie Ohl (m. 1880-1897) and Ruby Hammerstrom (m. 1903)Children: Paul Edward DarrowEducation: Allegheny College and University of Michigan Law SchoolInteresting Fact: Darrow claimed to believe in personal liberty, the abolition of capital punishment, and the improvement of labor conditions. Early Life Clarence Darrow was born April 18, 1857, in Farmdale, Ohio. After attending public schools in Ohio, young Darrow worked as a farm hand and decided the labor of the farm was not for him. He studied for a year Allegheny College in Pennsylvania before attending the University of Michigan law school for a year. His education was not impressive by modern standards, but it qualified him to read law for a year with a local lawyer in Ohio, which was a common method of becoming an attorney at the time. Darrow became a member of the Ohio bar in 1878, and for the next decade he embarked on a fairly typical career for a lawyer in small town America. In 1887, hoping to take on more interesting work, Darrow moved to Chicago. In the big city he worked as a civil lawyer, pursuing ordinary legal tasks. He took on work as a counsel for the city, and in the early 1890s he worked as a corporate counsel for the Chicago and Northwestern Railroad. In 1894 Darrow’s life took a significant turn when he began defending legendary labor activist Eugene V. Debs, who was fighting an injunction against him for leading a strike against the Pullman company. Darrow was ultimately not successful in his defense of Debs. But his exposure to Debs and the labor movement gave him new direction in life. Crusader for Justice Beginning in the mid-1890s, Darrow began taking on cases that appealed to his sense of justice. He was generally successful, for what he lacked in education and prestige he made up with his ability to speak plainly but dramatically in front of juries and judges. His courtroom suits were always rumpled, apparently by design. He portrayed himself as a common man seeking justice, though often armed with cunning legal strategies. Darrow became known for sharp cross-examinations of witnesses, and as he championed those he considered oppressed, he would often introduce novel concepts from the emerging field of criminology. In 1894 Darrow defended Eugene Prendergast, a drifter who killed the mayor of Chicago, Carter Harrison, and then walked into a police station and confessed. Darrow raised an insanity defense, but Prendergast was convicted and sentenced to death. He was the first and last of Darrows clients to be executed. The Haywood Case One of Darrows most notable cases came in 1907, when the former governor of Idaho, a supporter of the mining industry, was killed in a bombing. Detectives from the Pinkerton agency apprehended officials of the Western Federation of Miners (part of the Industrial Workers of the World) including the unions president, William Big Bill Haywood. Charged with conspiracy to commit murder, Haywood and others were to go on trial in Boise, Idaho. Darrow was retained for the defense and deftly destroyed the prosecutions case. Under Darrows cross-examination, the actual perpetrator of the bombing admitted he had acted alone as a matter of personal vengeance. He had been pressured to implicate the labor leaders by the prosecutors in the case. Darrow gave a summation which amounted to a profound defense of the labor movement. Haywood and the others were acquitted, and Darrows performance cemented his position as a defender of the common man against money interests. Leopold and Loeb Darrow was on the front pages of newspapers across American in 1924 when he defended Nathan Leopold and Richard Loeb. The two were college students from wealthy families who confessed to a shocking crime, the murder of a 14-year-old neighbor boy, Robert Franks. Leopold and Loeb became figures of public fascination as they told detectives they had committed the kidnapping and murder of a random boy for the adventure of perpetrating the perfect crime. Seated left to right, Nathan Leopold, Jr., attorney Clarence Darrow and Richard Loeb. The boys were found guilty of the murder and kidnapping and Bobby Franks.    The families of Leopold and Loeb approached Darrow, who at first resisted taking the case. He was certain they would be convicted, and he had no doubt they had committed the murder. But he took on the case as he was opposed to capital punishment, and his goal would be to save them from what seemed to be certain execution by hanging. Darrow requested that the case be heard by a judge without a jury. The judge in the case agreed. Darrow’s strategy was not to argue about their guilt, which was certain. And as they had been judged sane, he couldn’t argue an insanity defense. He tried something novel, which was to argue that the two young men were mentally diseased. Darrow called expert witnesses to advance psychiatric theories. The witness, known at the time as alienists, claimed the young men had mental problems related to their upbringings which were mitigating factors in the crime. The appeal for mercy posed by Darrow eventually succeeded. After deliberating for ten days, the judge sentenced Leopold and Loeb to sentences of life plus 99 years. (Loeb was killed in prison by another inmate in 1934. Leopold was eventually paroled in 1958 and died in Puerto Rico in 1971.) The judge in the case told the press that he was moved to show mercy by the age of the defendants and not by the psychiatric evidence. However, the case was considered by the public to be a triumph for Darrow. The Scopes Trial Darrow was a religious agnostic and was particularly opposed to religious fundamentalism. So the defense of John Scopes, the schoolteacher from Dayton, Tennessee, prosecuted for teaching about Darwin’s Theory of Evolution naturally appealed to him. American lawyers Clarence Darrow (1857-1938) and William Jennings Bryan (1860-1925) at the Scopes Trial. Heritage Images / Getty Images The case arose when the 24-year-old Scopes, teaching in a local public high school, included mentions of Darwin’s ideas in the curriculum. By doing so he violated a Tennessee law, the Butler Act, and he was charged. William Jennings Bryan, one of most prominent Americans in politics for decades, entered the case as the prosecuting attorney. On one level, the case was simply about whether Scopes had violated the local law. But when Darrow came into the case, the proceedings became nationally known, and the case was dubbed The Monkey Trial in the sensationalist press. A split in American society in the 1920s, between religious conservatives and progressives advocating science, became the focus of the courtroom drama. Newspaper reporters, including the legendary journalist and social critic H.L. Mencken, flooded into the town of Dayton, Tennessee, for the trial. News dispatches went out via telegraph, and even reporters in the new medium of radio relayed the proceedings to listeners around the country. The highlight of the trial occurred when Bryan, claiming to be an authority on Biblical teachings, took the witness stand. He was cross-examined by Darrow. Reports of the encounter stressed how Darrow had humbled Bryan by getting him to admit to a literal interpretation of the Bible. A headline in the Washington Evening Star proclaimed: Eve Made of Rib, Jonah Swallowed by Fish, Bryan Declares In Sensational Cross-Examination of Bible Beliefs By Darrow. The legal result of the trial was actually a loss for Darrow’s client. Scopes was found guilty and fined $100. However, to many observers, including H.L. Mencken, Darrow was considered to have won a victory in the sense of having shown to the nation at large the ludicrous nature of fundamentalism. Later Career Besides his busy legal practice, Darrow published a number of books, including Crime: Its Cause and Treatment, published in 1922, dealing with Darrows belief that crime was caused by factors impacting a persons life. He also wrote an autobiography published in 1932. In 1934, President Franklin Roosevelt appointed the elderly Darrow to a post in the federal government, assigned to correct legal problems with the National Recovery Act (a part of the New Deal). Darrows work was considered successful. One of his last jobs was to serve on a commission studying the threat arising in Europe, and he issued a warning about the danger of Hitler. Darrow died in Chicago on March 13, 1938. His funeral was attended by many members of the public, and he was eulogized as a tireless crusader for justice. Sources: Clarence Seward Darrow. Encyclopedia of World Biography, 2nd ed., vol. 4, Gale, 2004, pp. 396-397. Gale Virtual Reference Library.Scopes Monkey Trial. Gale Encyclopedia of American Law, edited by Donna Batten, 3rd ed., vol. 9, Gale, 2010, pp. 38-40. Gale Virtual Reference Library.Darrow, Clarence. Crime and Punishment in America Reference Library, edited by Richard C. Hanes, et al., vol. 4: Primary Sources, UXL, 2005, pp. 118-130. Gale Virtual Reference Library.

Gluten-Free Cause and Effect - 1062 Words

In 2006, my mom and I were both diagnosed with Celiac Disease. This has been a huge struggle of ours and continues to be an ongoing battle. We have thoroughly researched the cause and effects of celiac disease. It all begins with gluten being the culprit. Eating gluten for people with celiac disease can be time consuming, expensive, and can cause numerous health issues. Originally, the human species lived depending only on animal protein, vegetables, fruits, seeds, and nuts. It wasn’t until approximately 9500 BC that the transition in agriculture began and humans started to eat carbohydrates and grains (grains being the producer of gluten). Gluten is a food protein that is found in wheat, barley, rye, and in some instances, oat. Celiac†¦show more content†¦Some people can gain weight, whereas, some might lose weight. When cutting out gluten it is essential to monitor your vitamins, minerals, and fiber levels; these are nutrients that are beneficial to your health. Gl uten can cause skin conditions such as; eczema, acne, and Keratosis Pilaris, which are the bumps on the back of some peoples arms. Celiac disease can also be linked to Type 1 Diabetes. Both diseases are autoimmune disorders. In order to assess the genetic similarities and differences between the two inflammatory disorders, the researchers obtained 9339 control samples, 8064 samples from people with type 1 diabetes, and 2560 samples from individuals with celiac disease. They found a total of seven regions of a chromosome were shared between the two (University). â€Å"These researchers results suggest that type 1 diabetes and celiac disease only share genetic causes but could have similar environmental triggers as well,† states Professor John Todd, from the University of Cambridge. With this all being said, if you are having any of these symptoms, eating and living a gluten-free lifestyle should rid you of all side effects and prevent your body from developing any further health risks related to celiac disease. Eating a gluten-free diet is time consuming and expensive, but it is important. Celiac disease can cause numerous health issues in the future if the gluten-free diet is not followed. The glu ten-free diet needs to be taken seriously andShow MoreRelatedHealth Benefits Of A Free Diet1142 Words   |  5 PagesMany people say they are â€Å"going Gluten- Free†. This means that the person is transitioning to a diet where they do not eat gluten. By doing this, they are excluding wheat, barley, rye and possibly oats from their diet. Gluten is a protein that is not crucial to being an overall healthy person. (4) The Gluten- Free Diet was created for those who have medical reasons to not eat gluten. 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Literary Analysis, Thousand Slendid Suns Free Essays

Ryan Ferkel Mrs. Reader Exploring Fiction 1/2/13 Literary Analysis of A Thousand Splendid Suns Growing up and living in Afghanistan as a woman has its challenges. Parents choose who can marry you and they choose everything for you. We will write a custom essay sample on Literary Analysis, Thousand Slendid Suns or any similar topic only for you Order Now In this book, Laila and Mariam both show the struggles it is to be a girl, and how much disrespect they get in Afghanistan. Both Mariam and Laila are married to the same man, and he is abusive to both of them. They also live under Taliban rule, and the rules that they set are very unfair for women. In Khaled Hosseni’s novel, he has many different themes but the most prevalent one is of woman inequality, and that is shown through multiple accounts of abuse, disrespect, and unfairness. While living in Afghanistan, Laila and Mariam both find themselves with little freedoms. They had to stay in their houses almost all the time, and were pretty much slaves to their husbands. For the rest of Afghanistan, The freedoms for girls and women are limited or not even existent in some situations. During September of 1996, the Taliban came into control of Afghanistan. Early in there rule, they set down rules for both men and woman. As a man you only had simple rules like, â€Å"All men will grow their beards† and, â€Å"All boys will wear turbans† (248 Hosseini). But as a woman, they had rules like, â€Å"Girls are forbidden from attending school,† and â€Å"Women are forbidden from working† (249 Hosseini). Women were also not allowed to go outside without a man or they would be beaten and sent home (248). As rules normally do they cause rebellious people. As the book progresses we find out that Laila had to give up her kid to an orphanage because Rasheed and Laila could not provide for that many of people any more. As a desperate mom, Laila had to sneak to the orphanage because Rasheed would no longer take her. Many times she got caught, when she got caught, Laila was sometimes, â€Å"riddled with questions† but other times she had to deal with, â€Å"wooden clubs, fresh tree branches, short whips, slaps, often fists† (285 Hosseini). As women, Laila’s freedoms were limited and Khaled Hosseini was ertain to show the struggles that women had because of that. Another example of the unfairness to women is that fact, that men are also abusive to them. Being a man, means they have all the power. They make all the decisions and what they want to happen happens. Early in the book, Jalil, Mariam’s father, chooses a random suitor for her to marry. He forces it on her just to get her as far away from his family as pos sible. Her suitor ended up to be an abusive husband. Just in a matter of seconds, Rasheed, their husband would flip and turn abusive. As depicted early in their marriage, Khaled Hosseini wrote, â€Å"He was like this, sneering, tightening the belt around his fist, the creaking of the leather, the glint in his bloodshot eyes. It was the fear of the goat, released in the tiger’s cage, when the tiger first looks up from its paws, begins to growl† (216). Another time when Laila and Mariam try to escape Rasheed’s grasps, they both get caught and get sent back to him. Mariam took most of the punishment for leaving. â€Å"There was a sound now like a wooden club repeatedly slapping a side of beef. His abusiveness led them to leave but only brought them back to it. As women they have no power in the relationship. Eventually Rasheed’s abuse came back to bite him, and it led to his death. Mariam had enough of his abuse. â€Å"Mariam brought down the shovel. This time, she gave it everything she had† (310 Hosseini). Rasheed tried everything in his power to stop Mariam and Laila from rebelli ng and it led to his death. Being a woman in Afghanistan meant you had to deal with discrimination. Khaled Hosseini made it a point to show that in his novel. Early in the novel we find out that Nana and Mariam living in the Kolba. They are there because her dad, Jalil, would not accept them in the family because they were a harami. A harami is a baby that was born out of wedlock. Because of this Jalil could not have them live with him and the rest of his family. â€Å"’You can’t spend the rest of your life here. ’ ‘Don’t you want a family of your own? ’† (44 Hosseini). Jalil wanted to get her out of their family so he could seem like the amazing guy he thought he was. How to cite Literary Analysis, Thousand Slendid Suns, Essay examples

Dixons Hrm Brief free essay sample

Human Resource Management Functional Brief Dixons Group’s decision to reorientate the business around serving the customer has had far reaching implications for Human Resource Management (HRM). The emphasis on first-class customer service is intended to help Dixons differentiate itself from its online competitors. The decision to stress personal, face-to-face interactions is clearly something that online competitors will be unable to replicate and if this can be turned into a source of competitive advantage for the company then it represents a sound strategic move. The strategy does, however, hinge on Dixons being able to deliver this excellent customer service. The very face-to-face nature of service delivery means that it can only be provided through the employees of Dixons group which, in turn, means that human resource management is pivotal. This shift in emphasis is best illustrated by the two delivery drivers in the video of the customer plan who comment that when delivering goods ‘we shouldn’t just be saying â€Å"sign here† and then running off. We will write a custom essay sample on Dixons Hrm Brief or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page We should give them [the customer] that experience’. http://www. dixonsretail. com/dixons/templates/modules/video. jsp) Aligning HRM strategy with this shift in business strategy has considerable implications for Dixons employees. With employee turnover at 15% a low level for a retail organisation – the majority of employees affected by the change have spent time working under the previous system. This means that a significant amount of retraining is necessary to ensure that employees both know and are able to implement the new strategy. At the heart of the new strategy is the idea of solving problems for the customer. As Group Chief Executive, Sebastian James points out ‘When customers come in and say they want a television what they actually mean is that they want to do something – they want to watch the game, entertain the kids†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ Training Dixons staff to help solve the customers’ problems involves ensuring that they not merely have excellent product knowledge but also the know how to provide ancillary services around the product. Dixons achieves this through a mixture of techniques, for example workshops and e-learning. Techniques to help the employees remember the key features of particular products are also employed. Through a clear, customer orientated approach, Dixons hopes to be able to help solve their customers’ problems, rather than simply sell them a box. This training has cost Dixons a great deal of money, with all staff having been through at least three cycles of retraining. These efforts, however, appear to be bearing fruit with significantly improved customer advocacy measures. The percentage of customers who are ‘very likely to recommend’ Dixons has risen from 43% to 73% since 2010 (Dixons Annual Report and Accounts 2011/12, p. 9). The Dixons case illustrates how the alignment of business strategy with people strategy is important in achieving organisational objectives. The customer metrics appear to be improving and it will be interesting to see how this impacts on the financial performance of the business.

Fame Not all Its Cracked Up to Be Essay Example For Students

Fame Not all Its Cracked Up to Be Essay Ah, fame! We love celebrities and wish that we were like them. So that we can get paid loads of money, have everyone know what our names, know our life stories, have everyone love us and of course the greatest gift of all, entertaining people. When I was a teenager, I dreamt about being a famous filmmaker. I was always writing stories since I was child and I was getting more and more into writing when I got older. And I thought filmmaking was the thing for me and that was what I wanted to do more than anything in the world. But when I told people this, they all made fun of me. Even my so-called friends. No-one took me seriously. So my filmmaking ambition didnt get off the ground. I thought I should give up my creativity for good. Whats the point of telling stories if no-one cares? Then I realized, you dont need fame as filmmaker or author to show people how creative you are. So thats why I turned to posting stories on this site. And I get a lot of views from all over the world and that makes me very happy. Now that Im an adult, Im actually glad I never became a big filmmaker or a celebrity. And heres why: No matter where you are, people just wont leave you alone. If you want your privacy, there is no chance. You want to have a nice quiet meal in a restaurant. Just you and your family, but fans keep interrupting you asking for your autographs. It is nice to make a fan happy, but when you have to do it over and over and over and over and over and over and over and over and over, itll drive you mad. And if you are the child of a famous star, it is like being thrown in with the lions. You will get bullied at school, just because your parent is famous. Its even worse if the child does not choose fame and is born to famous family anyway. Not everyone you will meet in life is nice to you. We all know that. If you are a celebrity, anyone can know who you are, find out information on you and use them against you. If youre one of those people who worries about what others think of you, fame is not for you. Because thats what being famous is: Have people talk about you. Sure they say nice things such as how talented you are, but others will criticize you and say awful things about you. Also, tabloids will spread rumors about you. Because of stalkers and obsessed fans, being famous can be dangerous. Aside from people pestering you with autographs just because youre a big name, you will have the obsessive fans who fantasize about you all day, every day. Imagine if someone is with you. They will look you up on the net all day, every day. They watch every video of you on Youtube, read every magazine with you in it, even if there is only one photo of you in each magazine and they will even stalk you. As you know, celebrities have to meet thousands of fans and if you meet that many people, you wont remember every fan youve met. But if your obsessive fan has met you once before and has met you again a few years later, if you cant remember meeting your obsessive fan before, that obsessive fan will get angry and will do the unthinkable to get his or her own revenge on you for not remembering them. It is very scary indeed. You will have to hire security. Lots of security. Choosing fame is like selling your soul to The Devil. Lots of celebrities admit that they hate being famous. .u58c56228808a75ee345e1bee3cdf6475 , .u58c56228808a75ee345e1bee3cdf6475 .postImageUrl , .u58c56228808a75ee345e1bee3cdf6475 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u58c56228808a75ee345e1bee3cdf6475 , .u58c56228808a75ee345e1bee3cdf6475:hover , .u58c56228808a75ee345e1bee3cdf6475:visited , .u58c56228808a75ee345e1bee3cdf6475:active { border:0!important; } .u58c56228808a75ee345e1bee3cdf6475 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u58c56228808a75ee345e1bee3cdf6475 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u58c56228808a75ee345e1bee3cdf6475:active , .u58c56228808a75ee345e1bee3cdf6475:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u58c56228808a75ee345e1bee3cdf6475 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u58c56228808a75ee345e1bee3cdf6475 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u58c56228808a75ee345e1bee3cdf6475 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u58c56228808a75ee345e1bee3cdf6475 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u58c56228808a75ee345e1bee3cdf6475:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u58c56228808a75ee345e1bee3cdf6475 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u58c56228808a75ee345e1bee3cdf6475 .u58c56228808a75ee345e1bee3cdf6475-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u58c56228808a75ee345e1bee3cdf6475:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Bulimia EssayYou can do a lot of great, huge things in your life without being famous. You can travel the world, you can get married, become a parent, you can take on a really big job (not in show business), go skydiving, bungee jumping, be a doctor so that you can cure people, be a fireman or firewoman to save peoples lives, be a teacher and educate people, be a plumber and fix pipes, be an electrician, join the postal service and deliver letters and packages to people, or you can write a story and put it on the internet so that you can entertain readers and inspire them.

Free Essays on The Big Odyseus

The tale begins on Mt. Olympus where Athena draws Zeus' attention to Odysseus whose journey has been halted on the island of Calypso. Zeus sends Hermes to have Odysseus released and Athena goes to Ithaca. In Ithaca she assumes a disguise and convinces Telemachus to go on a journey seeking news of his father. Telemachus calls an assembly announcing that the suitors who have besieged his house and have eaten his food for years are in the wrong. He goes to see Nestor at Pylos and Nestor does not know anything recent about his father. Nestor advises him to go to Sparta to see Menelaus. When he gets to Sparta, Menelaus tells him that the last thing he heard about Odysseus was that he was trapped on the island of Calypso. They feast together and talk into the night. Athena reminds Zeus to send Hermes to Calypso and he tells her that Odysseus may leave but under strict conditions: he has to build his own raft. Calypso isn't happy about the command and Odysseus has problems believing her. Once he has built his raft, she gives him food and sends him off. He sails for seventeen days and then his raft is destroyed by Poseidon. He is aided by a nymph and floats for two days to land. He is found by Nausikaa and told to go to the house of her father Alkinoos. Alkinoos hears part of his tale and secures passage for him back to Ithaca. There are athletic games and feasts at which a minstrel sings. The minstrel's songs make Odysseus cry and this makes Alcinoos even more curious about his situation. Alkinoos asks Odysseus if any of his relatives died at Troy and Odysseus begins his tale. He tells them how he left Troy and lost some men in a botched raiding party. Soon after this they came near the land of the Lotus eaters where some of his men were almost lost to the enchanting flower. Then came the island of the Cyclops. Odysseus led his men in to investigate and was trapped by Polyphemus, one of the Cyclop... Free Essays on The Big Odyseus Free Essays on The Big Odyseus The tale begins on Mt. Olympus where Athena draws Zeus' attention to Odysseus whose journey has been halted on the island of Calypso. Zeus sends Hermes to have Odysseus released and Athena goes to Ithaca. In Ithaca she assumes a disguise and convinces Telemachus to go on a journey seeking news of his father. Telemachus calls an assembly announcing that the suitors who have besieged his house and have eaten his food for years are in the wrong. He goes to see Nestor at Pylos and Nestor does not know anything recent about his father. Nestor advises him to go to Sparta to see Menelaus. When he gets to Sparta, Menelaus tells him that the last thing he heard about Odysseus was that he was trapped on the island of Calypso. They feast together and talk into the night. Athena reminds Zeus to send Hermes to Calypso and he tells her that Odysseus may leave but under strict conditions: he has to build his own raft. Calypso isn't happy about the command and Odysseus has problems believing her. Once he has built his raft, she gives him food and sends him off. He sails for seventeen days and then his raft is destroyed by Poseidon. He is aided by a nymph and floats for two days to land. He is found by Nausikaa and told to go to the house of her father Alkinoos. Alkinoos hears part of his tale and secures passage for him back to Ithaca. There are athletic games and feasts at which a minstrel sings. The minstrel's songs make Odysseus cry and this makes Alcinoos even more curious about his situation. Alkinoos asks Odysseus if any of his relatives died at Troy and Odysseus begins his tale. He tells them how he left Troy and lost some men in a botched raiding party. Soon after this they came near the land of the Lotus eaters where some of his men were almost lost to the enchanting flower. Then came the island of the Cyclops. Odysseus led his men in to investigate and was trapped by Polyphemus, one of the Cyclop...

A Brief Timeline of Events in America - 1651 - 1675

A Brief Timeline of Events in America - 1651 - 1675 The American Revolution would not commence until 1765, when the Stamp Act Congress, representing the thirteen colonies, disputed the right of the British parliament to tax the colonists without providing them with representation in the House of Commons. The American Revolutionary War would not begin until 1775. During the period from 1651 to 1675, however, attempts by the British government to control commerce in the American colonies gradually created an atmosphere in which rebellion was almost inevitable. 1651 England passes the Navigation Act that forbid goods to be imported from the colonies to England in non-English ships or from locations other than where they were produced. This action causes supply shortages hurting colonies and eventually leads to the Anglo-Dutch War which lasts from 1652-1654. 1652 New Amsterdam is given permission to form its own city government.Rhode Island passes the first law in America which prohibits slavery.Maine is included within the boundaries of the Massachusetts Bay Colony.The Anglo-Dutch War begins in July.In defiance of England, Massachusetts Bay declares itself independent. 1653 Massachusetts Bay does not support the New England Confederation in declaring war against the Dutch colonists.   1654 The first Jewish immigrants arrive in America when they settle in New Amsterdam.The new governor of Maryland, William Fuller, does away with the Toleration Act which gave Catholics the right to practice their religion and removes Lord Baltimore from authority. 1655 A civil war between Catholic and Puritan factions after the revocation of the Toleration Act in 1654 results in a Puritan victory.The Dutch, after years of conflict with New Sweden, are able to defeat the Swedes and end royal rule by Sweden in America. 1656 Lord Baltimore is returned to power in Maryland and Josias Fendell is named its governor.Quakers who arrive in Massachusetts Bay are treated horribly and banished which is supported by the New England federation. Later in the year, Connecticut and Massachusetts pass laws to allow for the banishment of Quakers. 1657 Quakers who arrive in New Amsterdam are punished and then banished to Rhode Island by Governor Peter Stuyvesant. 1658 Massachusetts colony passes laws that do not allow for religious freedom of Quakers including the holding of their meetings. 1659 Two Quakers are punished by hanging when they return to Massachusetts Bay after being banished. 1660 Lord Baltimore is removed from power by the Maryland assembly.The Navigation Act of 1660 is passed requiring only English ships with a three-quarters English crew be allowed to be used for trade. Certain goods including sugar and tobacco could only be shipped to England or English colonies. 1661 The English crown, in protest to the rules against Quakers, orders them released and returned to England. They are later forced to stop the harsh penalties against Quakers.The first bible to be printed in America was published in the Algonquin language. 1662 Connecticut is given a royal charter.The Massachusetts Bay Colonys charter was accepted by England as long as they extended the vote to all landowners and allows for freedom of worship for Anglicans. 1663 The Carolina colony is created by King Charles II and has numerous proprietors.Rhode Island is given a royal charter.All imports to the American colonies are required to come from England on English vessels with the second Navigation Act. 1664 The Hudson River valley Indians surrender part of their territory to the Dutch.The Duke of York is given a charter to control lands that include the Dutch area of New Netherland. By the end of the year a naval blockade by the English of the area causes Governor Peter Stuyvesant to surrender New Netherland to the English. New Amsterdam is renamed New York.The Duke of York grants land called New Jersey to Sir George Carteret and John, Lord Berkeley.Maryland and later New York, New Jersey, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Virginia pass laws that do not allow for the freeing of black slaves. 1665 New Haven is annexed by Connecticut.The Kings Commissioners arrive in New England to oversee what is occurring in the colonies. They demand that colonies must comply by swearing allegiance to the King and allowing for the freedom of religion. Plymouth, Connecticut, and Rhode Island comply. Massachusetts does not comply and when representatives are called to London to answer to the King, they refuse to go.The territory of Carolina is extended to include Florida.   1666 Maryland prohibits the growing of tobacco for a year due to a glut of tobacco on the market. 1667 The Peace of Breda officially ends the Anglo-Dutch War and gives England formal control over New Netherland. 1668 Massachusetts annexes Maine. 1669 The Fundamental Constitutions are issued in Carolina which provides for religious tolerance. 1670 Charles Town (present-day Charleston) is established by Joseph West.The Treaty of Madrid is completed between England and Spain. Both parties agree that they will respect each others rights in America.The Virginia Assembly only allows landowners the right to vote. 1671 Plymouth forces King Philip (Metacomet), chief of the Wampanoag Indians, to surrender his weapons.French explorers claim the interior of North America for King Louis XIV. 1672 First copyright law is passed in the colonies by Massachusetts.The Royal Africa Company is given a monopoly for the English slave trade. 1673 Virginia is granted by the English crown to Lord Arlington and Lord Culpepper.French explorers Father Jacques Marquette and Louis Joliet travel down the Mississippi River exploring down to the Arkansas River.The Dutch launch a naval attack against Manhattan to try and win back New Netherland during the third Anglo-Dutch War. Manhattan is surrendered. They capture other towns and rename New York to New Orange. 1674 The Treaty of Westminster ends the third Anglo-Dutch War with the American Dutch colonies reverting back to England.Father Jacques Marquette establishes a mission at present-day Chicago. 1675 Quaker William Penn is granted rights to portions of New Jersey.King Philips War begins with retaliations for the execution of three Wampanoag Indians. Boston and Plymouth unite to fight against the Indians. Nipmuck Indians unite with the Wampanoags to attack settlements in Massachusetts. The New England Confederation then reacts by officially declaring war on King Philip and raising an army. The Wampanoags are able to defeat settlers near Deerfield on September 18th and Deerfield is abandoned. Source: Schlesinger, Jr., Arthur M., ed. The Almanac of American History. Barnes Nobles Books: Greenwich, CT, 1993.